Implementing the Ramsar Convention in Developing Countries: The Role of

Implementing the Ramsar Convention in Developing Countries: The Role of Local Community Support and Involvement Over the last two decades, â€Å"a consensus has gradually emerged that long-term conservation depends on understanding and support from those closely connected to the environment and its resources† (Shine, Klemm, 1999.) Several international environmental conventions have reflected this consensus by establishing a legal basis to involve local communities, especially those in developing countries, in their implementation. Recent changes in the focus of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands are consistent with this global trend towards emphasizing the importance of community support and involvement. Adopted in Ramsar, Iran on February 2, 1971 in response to the alarming rate of worldwide wetland loss and degradation, Ramsar’s mission is â€Å"the conservation and wise use of wetlands by national action and international cooperation.† The Ramsar Convention’s move to promote community involvement in wetland conservation began in 1990 with the initiation of a Small Grants Fund, created to fund local non-governmental organizations and community wetland conservation projects in developing countries. In its 1993 â€Å"Additional Guidance† publication, the Ramsar Convention asserts that countries should incorporate into their wetland management plans procedures to guarantee that local communities are involved in decision-making, and have a strong knowledge of wetland issues. Is the international environmental community correct in their assertion that implementation depends on local community support and involvement? As the Ramsar Convention is one advocate of this assertion, this study sought to determine if local community support ... ...unity is correct in their assertion that local communities are critical for the implementation of all other conventions. Works Cited Mangrove Action Project: Yadfon’s Way Thailand’s Community Forest Projects: The Fishers That Rescued the Sea. Online. Available: http://www.earthisland.org/map/sstal.htm. Updated May 7, 2002. [accessed 4/24/04] Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: The Lake Naivasha Riparian Association (LNRA), Kenya. Online. Available: http://www.ramsar.org/key_awards99_interview_lnra.htm. Updated May 7, 2004. [accessed 4/25/04] Shine, C., Klemm, C. 1999. Wetlands, Water, and the Law. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources: Cambridge, UK. Susskind, L., Moomaw, W., Gallagher, K. (Editors). 2002. Transboundary Environmental Negotiation. John Wiley and Sons: San Francisco, CA.

Mine and My Parents’ Attitude on Life Essay

All of my life, my parents are the great shoulders for me to lean on. They share the happiness with me, comfort me whenever I am sad, they are the people who always catch me everytime I fall. However, , my parents and I do not have the same attitude toward my studying, my relationship and money. The contrast in our attitude makes our life, more or less, complicated but interesting. First, my parents and I have different ideas about studying in the college. From the start, for my parents’ attitude, studying in the college means only books and grades. They said to me as I was a freshman, â€Å"When you receives your degree, we want you to be able to get a job that will support yourself. We also want you to have grades that will make you a realistic candidate for that job. Don’t make college life a waste of time†. It means I will spend most of my time in the library, attend all the lectures’ hours, study hard day by day and at the end of the semester, I will have to show them my high grades. Following their advices, I do not have free time for myself, I can’t take part in any extra -curriculums such as sports, art and literature activities or even a small birthday party held in the dorm. My parents call such things above † the useless-and- waste-of time†. Waste of time and useless? Not on my life. How can I waste time with so many new ideas to learn and all the interesting and open-minded people to meet in these activities? How can learning to see the world in a different way and leaving college with a new outlook on life be a waste of time and useless?. In contrast to my parents, books and grades are not enough, I need more activeness and practical things for my studying. My parents and I also differ in the attitude toward the relationship between my opposite- sex friends and I. I have many friends, boys and girl, in high school, in the university, even at the shop where I have a part-time job. However, I find it easier to have the opposite sex ones as my close friends. They are easy-going, straightforward and less talkative than girls. I do think that we are only friends, that there is nothing unusual in our friendship; moreover, my friends, as well as me, are old enough to know the limitation between love and friendship. On the other hand, my parents do not share the same point of view with me. They always believe that there is no  friendship between boys and girls. They consider our friendship as love and â€Å"violently† show their disagreement whenever we mention this matter. â€Å"These loves will give bad effects on your studying and lead you to nowhere, my dear.†, said my mother times and times again. No matter how hard I try t o explain, they still keep their attitude, advising me to put an end to â€Å"such loves†-which are actually the friendship that boys and girls can have. The contrast that we have do not end with attitudes toward my studying and friendship but also toward money and the way to spend it. My parents have healthy attitude toward money: they consider money as a tool, as something they have, not something they are. Working hard day by day to support the family, they spend every cent of every dollar of the money they earned economically and reasonably. â€Å"A fool with his money will soon parted†, my father always reminds me. We spend much money on neither clothes, delicious food , nor presents for birthdays and holidays. My parents save money and never touch the saving in the bank if it is not necessary. Thanks to this, my sister and I could go to university without worrying about financial problem. Compared with my parents, I used to have quite negative attitude toward money. There was a time when I thought money was the most important factor in my life, money could buy me anything I want: happiness, friendship and other people’s admiration. I wasted all my money on fashion, expensive jewels, presents for my friends†¦etc. Unfortunately the salary I got from my part time job could not afford, as a result, I was stuck in debt at a very young age: 18. There were nothing left for me: no friends, no happiness, no respect, but the sadness in my family. Due to this unforgettable lesson, I can not disclaim that my parents point of view is definitely right. Though the contrast in attitudes toward such things as : my studying, my friendship, and the way to use money is the reason why sometimes we feel upset and even sulk, it do not cause the generation gap in my family. My parents are not always right, so am I. But we know that if we have more chances to exchange our ideas, we can understand each other well and makes our home a really happy family.

Renewable And Other Low Carbon Technologies - 957 Words

lower than the target purely through adding renewable and other low carbon technologies. However, if CCGT are used in conjunction with CCS the emissions drop to 56gCO2/MWh. This could then form the majority of the baseload electricity required for the UK in 2030. Other low carbon technologies are required to aggregate the emissions down to lower than the 50gCO2/MWh target but these could come from either solar, wind, fuel cells or nuclear power. The proposed optimization mix is also highly reliant on the further development of renewable technologies, such as; on-shore and off-shore wind and solar PV technologies. It proposes an increase from the current 13.5GW to the region of 50GW by 2030. The possibilities for off-shore wind is vast†¦show more content†¦This could potentially slow the efforts of many individuals and organizations investing time and money into CCS projects [34]. Only time will tell if this is the case but one thing is for certain, by the year 2030 the electricity generation mix will be vastly different to the mix of 2016. REFERENCES [9] DECC, 2015; Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2015. London: National Statistics. Pp.118-122 [10] WWF, 2016 [11] DEFRA, 2005 CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. HADLEY CENTRE. PP.6-10 [12] IPCC, 2013; 5TH ASSESSMENT REPORT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE FROM WWW.IPCC.COM (ACCESSED 11TH APRIL, 2016) [13] DIRECTIVE 2003/87/EC, 2003. DIRECTIVE 2003/87/EC THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,. THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. [14] UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, (1998). KYOTO PROTOCOL. KYOTO: UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, [15] Theccc.org.uk, 2015, The Climate Change Act and UK regulations | Committee on Climate Change. [online] Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/the-legal-landscape/global-action-on-climate-change/ [Accessed 21 Nov. 2015]. [16] PARLIAMENTARY OFFICE OF SCIENCE, 2006 [17] Cooper, Duncan. â€Å"Johnson’s Energy Club Competes in Renewable Energy Case Competition†[Online],